Frequency-Domain Model of Microfluidic Molecular Communication Channels with Graphene BioFET-based Receivers

Molecular Communication (MC) is a bio-inspired communication paradigm utilizing molecules for information transfer. Research on this unconventional communication technique has recently started to transition from theoretical investigations to practical testbed implementations, primarily harnessing microfluidics and sensor technologies. Developing accurate models for input-output relationships on these platforms, which mirror real-world scenarios, is crucial for assessing modulation and detection techniques, devising optimized MC methods, and understanding the impact of physical parameters on performance. In this study, we consider a practical microfluidic MC system equipped with a graphene field effect transistor biosensor (bioFET)-based MC receiver as the model system, and develop an analytical end-to-end frequency-domain model. The model provides practical insights into the dispersion and distortion of received signals, thus potentially informing the design of new frequency-domain MC techniques, such as modulation and detection methods. The accuracy of the developed model is verified through particle-based spatial stochastic simulations of pulse transmission in microfluidic channels and ligand-receptor binding reactions on the receiver surface

Reflection insertion loss measurements of building materials from 5 GHz to 170 GHz with varied angles

Abstract. Wireless systems can be characterized with materials surrounding them. Different materials react uniquely to radio waves. This effect becomes further noticeable in high frequencies. Therefore, reflection properties of these materials are important for designing indoor wireless systems of the future. This work focuses on measuring and studying the reflection quality of five common building materials in the frequency bands of 6–50 GHz and 110–170 GHz. The former frequency band also covers all possible polarization permutations. For the first measurement set, two dual polarized antennas and a 4 port vector signal analyzer (VNA) were used. The latter measurements required two 110–170 GHz linear polarized antennas, frequency extenders and 4 port VNA, as well. Averaging is applied to results to eliminate outliers caused by measurement noise. The theory part covers antennas and their fundamentals such as radiation pattern and beamwidth. Following the radiation pattern, the antennas were placed at the minimum distance from the material samples to get the far field results. S-parameters is also discussed, which is important for the measurements. The dual polarized measurements use four ports to get both co- and cross-polarizations results. The 110–170GHz measurements only need two ports for the measurements, because of one type of polarization.Rakennusmateriaalien heijastuslisäyshäviön mittaukset 5 GHz–170 GHz vaihtelevilla kulmilla. Tiivistelmä. Langattomat järjestelmät voidaan luonnehtia niitä ympäröivillä materiaaleilla. Eri materiaalit reagoivat yksilöllisesti radioaalloille. Tämä vaikutus tulee entisestään havaittavaksi korkeilla taajuuksilla. Siksi näiden materiaalien heijastusominaisuudet ovat tärkeitä tulevaisuuden langattomien sisäjärjestelmien suunnittelussa. Tämä työ keskittyy viiden yleisen rakennusmateriaalin heijastuslaadun mittaamiseen ja tutkimiseen taajuusalueilla 6–50 GHz ja 110–170 GHz. Ensimmäinen taajuuskaista kattaa myös kaikki mahdolliset polarisaatiopermutaatiot. Ensimmäisessä mittaussarjassa käytetään kahta kaksoispolarisoitua antennia ja 4-porttista piirikonetta. Jälkimmäisiin mittauksiin käytettiin kahta 110–170 GHz lineaaripolarisoitua antennia ja taajuuslaajentimia. Mittaustulosten analysoinnissa käytettiin keskiarvoistusta pienentämään kohinaisten mittaustulosten vaihtelua. Teoriaosuudessa käsitellään antenneja ja niiden perusteita, kuten säteilykuviota ja keilanleveyttä. Säteilykuvion mukaisesti antennit asetettiin minimietäisyydelle materiaalinäytteistä kaukokentän tulosten saamiseksi. Myös S-parametreja käsitellään, mikä on tärkeää mittausten kannalta. Kaksoispolarisoidut mittaukset käyttävät neljää porttia saman polarisaatio tuloksien ja ristipolarisaatioiden tuloksien saamiseksi. 110–170 GHz mittaukset tarvitsevat vain kaksi porttia mittauksiin yhden polarisaation vuoksi

Integrated control and protection architecture for islanded PV-battery DC microgrids:Design, analysis and experimental verification

Direct current (dc) microgrids have gained significant interest in research due to dc generation/storage technologies—such as photovoltaics (PV) and batteries—increasing performance and reducing in cost. However, proper protection and control systems are critical in order to make dc microgrids feasible. This paper aims to propose a novel integrated control and protection scheme by using the state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) method for PV-battery based islanded dc microgrids. The dc microgrid under study consists of photovoltaic (PV) generation, a battery energy storage system (BESS), a capacitor bank and a dc load. The aims of this study are fast fault detection and voltage control of the dc load bus. To do so, the SDRE observer-controller—a nonlinear mathematical model—is employed to model the operation of the dc microgrid. Simulation results show that the proposed SDRE method is effective for fault detection and robust against external disturbances, resulting in it being capable of controlling the dc load bus voltage during disturbances. Finally, the dc microgrid and its proposed protection scheme are implemented in an experimental testbed prototype to verify the fault detection algorithm feasibility. The experimental results indicate that the SDRE scheme can effectively detect faults in a few milliseconds

Microfluidic Molecular Communication Transmitter Based on Hydrodynamic Gating

Molecular Communications (MC) is a bio-inspired paradigm for transmitting information using chemical signals, which can enable novel applications at the junction of biotechnology, nanotechnology, and information and communication technologies. However, designing efficient and reliable MC systems poses significant challenges due to the complex nature of the physical channel and the limitations of the micro/nanoscale transmitter and receiver devices. In this paper, we propose a practical microfluidic transmitter architecture for MC based on hydrodynamic gating, a widely utilized technique for generating chemical waveforms in microfluidic channels with high spatiotemporal resolution. We develop an approximate analytical model that can capture the fundamental characteristics of the generated molecular pulses, such as pulse width, pulse amplitude, and pulse delay, as functions of main system parameters, such as flow velocity and gating duration. We validate the accuracy of our model by comparing it with finite element simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics under various system settings. Our analytical model can enable the optimization of microfluidic transmitters for MC applications in terms of minimizing intersymbol interference and maximizing data transmission rate

Affective Factors on Reliability of Laboratory Tests Based on ISO 17025:2005

تعد معولية الفحوصات المختبرية الركيزة الأساسية في الجانب التطبيقي لجودة المشاريع إلانشائية، إذ لا يمكن قبول أو رفض المواد إلانشائية المستخدمة في تلك المشاريع إلاٌ بعد مرورها بالفحص المختبري الذي يتم بموجبه القبول أو الرفض لتلك المواد. أن العديد من المنظمات أخذت بالسعي نحو تحقيق الميزة التنافسية، وذلك بتقديم خدماتها بجودة عالية من خلال تطبيقها معايير إدارة الجودة الشاملة، فكان من الضروري للمختبرات إلانشائية تبني أدارة الجودة اسلوبا في عملها، لاسيما تطبيق معايير المواصفة العالمية ISO 17025:2005 مما يحسن أداء هذه المختبرات من الناحية الإدارية والفنية. يتضمن هذا البحث دراسة إحصائية لعينة من المختبرات إلانشائية وشركات المقاولات إلانشائية ودوائر تنفيذ المشاريع في بعض المؤسسات الحكومية، لتحديد العوامل المؤثرة على معولية (موثوقية) الفحوصات المختبرية، واثبتت النتائج لكل محور هي (مؤثرة، مؤثرة جدا) بحسب ما تم وضع ارقام إليها إذ ستقدم المنهجية المتبعة في البحث توصيات ومقترحات تساعد الكوادر العاملة في المختبرات بالتركيز على العوامل المؤثرة على معولية الفحوصات والتعامل معها على وفق معايير المواصفة العالمية ISO 17025:2005.The reliability of the laboratory tests is the main pillar in the applied side of the quality of the construction projects. The construction materials used in these projects cannot be accepted or rejected until they have passed the laboratory examination according to which these materials are accepted or rejected.. Many organizations have sought to achieve the competitive advantage by providing high quality services through the implementation of the overall quality management standards. It was necessary for the construction laboratories to adopt the quality management method in their work, in particular the application of the standards of ISO 17025: 2005, Which improve the performance of these laboratories in terms of administrative and technical. This research includes a statistical study of a sample of construction laboratories, construction contracting companies and project implementation entities in some government departments to determine the factors affecting the reliability of the laboratory tests. The methodology used in the research will provide recommendations and suggestions to help the laboratory staff focus on the factors influencing the Reliability of tests and handling them according to the  ISO 17025: 2005

Itsekorjaantuva elektroninen iho

Tiivistelmä. Tämän kandidaatintyön aiheena olivat itsekorjaantuvat elektroniikan materiaalit, näiden materiaalien komponentit ja komponenttien hyödyntäminen elektronisessa ihossa. Työssä hyödynnettiin tietolähteinä viime aikaisempia vertaisarvioituja tieteellisiä julkaisuita. Työssä käydään läpi itsekorjaantuvan elektronisen ihon nykytilanne sekä tulevaisuuden näkymät.Self-healing electronic skin. Abstract. The topic of the Bachelor’s Thesis was self-healing electronic materials, their components and utilization of the components in electronic skin. The most recent peer-reviewed scientific publications were used as data sources in this work. The current state of self-healing electronic skin and future prospects are reviewed in the work

Extraction and measurement of the Quercetin flavonoid of Prosopis farcta in Khouzestan climatic condition

Background and aims: Medicinal plants are a valuable resource for flavonoids extraction. Prosopis fracta is one of the plants with medicinal properties. Prosopis fracta was found in abundance in southern regions in Iran. Coersetin is medicinal substance found in the fruit of this plant. Quercetin is used in treatment of cancer and viral infections. This study was conducted to determine the Quercetin flavonoid in Prosopis fracta samples in different regions of Khuzestan. Methods: The Prosopis fracta fruit collected from different regions of Khuzestan (Susangerd, Ahvaz, Abadan, Mollasani, Behbahan and Ramhormoz). The beads were isolated from the fruit. Shell and the flesh were dried in an Oven. The dried materials were mixed and flavonoids extracted with a suitable solvent. The extract was injected into the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system. Then, the compound, Quercetin quantity and standard peak in each sample have been determined. Results: Based on the results, the Susangerd samples (0.0033 mg/ml) and Abadan (0.0008 mg/ml) have maximum and minimum levels of Quercetin flavonoid, respectively. Conclusions: Quercetin flavonoid extracted from Prosopis farcta fruits of Susangerd is richer than other regions of Khuzestan province. Therefore, it is recommended to use the Prosopis fracta fruit grown in Susangerd for extraction of the Quercetin flavonoid

The measurement of the quercetin of different parts of Tribulus terrestris by HPLC

Background and aims: Tribulus terrestris fruit, leaf, and root have medical effects in the treatment of cancer, viral infections and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The present study was aimed to evaluate the quercetin flavonoid levels from different parts of the Tribulus terrestris collected from different regions of Khuzestan in 2014. Methods: In this experimental study, four parts of the Tribulus terrestris including; fruits, leaves, stems and roots were collected from different regions of Khuzestan including Shushtar, Mollasani and Andimeshk. The analysis was carried out to compare the chemical profile of the different extracts of Tribulus terrorists using reverse phase HPLC with UV detector. The mobile phase that consisted of phosphoric acid buffer with pH=3 and acetonitrile was used for isocratic elution. The flow rate was adjusted to 1.0 ml/min. The detection wavelength was at 203 nm. All separations were performed at ambient temperature. Results: The results reported that the quercetin flavonoid level were highest in the Andimeshk leaves samples (69.57427 ppm). However, the Andimeshk fruits samples (4.141953 ppm) have the lowest levels of the quercetin flavonoid. Conclusion: Considering the cost effectiveness in extracting compounds from medicinal plants, it is recommended to identify the highest level of the quercetin flavonoid in each region and in each part of the plant

Short and long term evaluation of the efficiency of PermaNet® 2.0 bed net against environmental factors and washing using bioassay tests

The aim of the present study was to examine the resistance of PermaNet® 2.0 bed nets against repeated washing and environmental factors by using bioassay tests. After 5, 15 and 21 washings with detergents and by using bioassay tests, the resistance of 40 PermaNet® 2.0 bed nets was compared with that of 40 bed nets conventionally treated with one K-O tablet. To examine the long-term resistance, 31 PermaNet® 2.0 bed nets were also distributed among villagers, and were re-collected to perform bioassay tests after 1, 2 and 5 years. In the first phase of this study, the insecticidal effect of the conventionally-treated nets significantly decreased due to repeated washings (P < 0.001); however, it was not significant regarding PermaNet® 2.0 bed nets (P = 0.92 in continuous exposure and P = 0.12 in mortality tests). In the long-term phase of this study, the time required for knockdown of PermaNet® 2.0 increased over the first 2 years and then decreased. In addition, the mortality rate decreased over the first 2 years and then increased. In conclusion, it seems that the technique used by the manufacturer for impregnation of PermaNet® 2.0 bed nets has an acceptable efficiency in comparison with conventional techniques